1. History and development and growth of the company over time
2. What are the company's (IBM)
internal strength and weaknesses?
3. The nature of the external
environment surrounding IBM?
4.Describe IBM's business model and replace with one of your own that you would think, in hindsight, would have made the company a formidable
competitor to Apple and Microsoft.
5. Did IBM's problems in your opinion, aroused from the strategic planning or execution?
6. Your recommendations.
answer:- History and development and growth of IBM company over
times.
In early 1970s IBM was the largest
manufactures of computer in the world. T.v Larson took over as CEO of IBM
from tom Watson, Jr, in 1971 and become the head of the company. It was able to acheive rapid growth and market share due to the sale of it's 360 mainframe
computer model. The 360 models was later improved through the development of
the 370- mainframe model. IN mid 1970s , IBM begin to face high
competition from the small companies that were able to produce cheap computers qualities
were either equal to or superior to its models. Following the technological
advancement that led to the reduction of the lifespan to mainframe computer.
IBM changed its strategy from leasing to selling computers. Additionally it
developed new computer models such as 400 to compete with lower cost minicomputers.
Under learsons control and then under the control of Frank Cary who become
CEO when learson retired in 1973, IBM continued to enjoy its domination of the
mainframe market. By 1980 IBM had a market value of $26billion four time it's
sizes in 1971.
By 1991
high competition led to significant reduction in computer prices . moreover IBM
was not able to Develop new product in time. Consequently it market share
reduced drastically. The management attempts to restructure the firm was not successful
since it continued to market losses.
The company
returned to profitability in 2000. The last three years , the company has been
making at least 10 billion in net profit (IBM) . Howerver it generates over
60% of its revenue from services and software’s rather than the sales of
computers hardware, also IBM's continued domination of the mainframe market
produced record increases in revenues and profits every year but its
performance masked some major problems that were developing during the
1970s and 1980s.
Changes in mainframe
technology also caused a change in IBM's strategy during the 1970s. As a result
of technological innovations, particularly the plunging costs of integrated
circuits, the life span of a main- frame computer-the time it could be used
until it was technologically outdated-was shortening rapidly and development
costs were increasing. of the personal computer. The personal computer was
developed in 1977 by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak who founded Apple Computer
at 1980 Apple's sales had grown to $117 million. Once again, IBM stood by and
watched as a new market segment was created.
2 Answer:the
company ( IBM ) internal strength and weakness .
Strengths:
i) IBM was able to develop
high quality computers in 1970s and 1980s, there by gaining the largest market
share in the industry.
ii) IBM had a dedicated and
high performing sales forces. This enabled is to increase its sales and to earn
high profit from its mainframe computers.
iii) IBM was able to
offers excellent services to its clients, thereby enchaining customers
loyalty.
iv) IBM had adequate capital,
which enabled it to develop new products and to offer high quality services.
Weaknes:
i) IBM did not focus
on market research in order to identity customer needs. Consequently, it was
not able to develop new product in time to satisfy emerging market
needs.
ii) IBM research and
development initiative focused on improving its existings product rather than
developing new ones. Thus it always developed new product to compete with other
rather than to satisfy customer needs.
Consequently the company lost its competitiveness
in the hardware segment of the market.
iii) IBM lost its competitive
due to its inability to reduce its operating cost. Finally the company had an undesirable
organizational culture, which discouraged innovation and cooperation among its
technical teams members.
3. external environment surrounding
IBM
IBM is helping
customers to become more energy efficient, implement new ways to source,
manufacture and distribute goods and services in a more sustainable manner,
enable safe and renewable sources of energy and manage resources at a macro level,
transforming entire industries’ has put a great deal of effort into
branding itself as a green, sustainable company. On
their website, they have an entire section named “Let's Build a Smarter Planet”
where they explore how their technology is actively improving our ecosystem and
environment
(https://www.ibm.com/ibm/environment/)
4.IBM's business model
and replace with one of your own that you would think
ANSWER :-
IBM Founded in the year 1911,
It is multinational IT Company based in America. The business model
of IBM or international Business Machines Corporation revolves around
Cloud computing, Artificial intelligence, Computer hardware, and Computer software
business model is based around providing software that allows large corporations
to connect their disparate software system and improve their IT performance.
The IBM has been providing a lot of
services of the clients which make it reliable and dependable at the same
time. ever since its existence the company has been widely adopted
in difference countries and has about 175 countries different branches all over
the world.
There are also about 400,000 employees
which are currently working in the company.
IBM is dedicated to innovate and develop in
the fields of mainframe, nanotechnology, personal computers to digital data
management, virtualization and cloud services.
Hence the company’s value
propositions also revolves around these factors. Key parts of IBM’s value
proposition are-
Software
to Connect Applications
Hardware
to deliver specialized business solutions
Services
to assist companies to deliver IT more efficiently
Artificial
Intelligence
Channelization of IBM
business model occurs through direct sales and advertising.also it involved
in targeting large corporations as their customer segments.
Key Activities of IBM Business Model are
- Research and Developments
-Operations
The IBM Company is also using such services
such as strategic outsourcing, integrated technology, support, Cloud, and other
services as well.IBM is also offering some of the services to the people who
need some software assistance as well. There are some operating systems which
are provided to the people along with middleware in the best way.
Some of the other key software of IBM are
WebSphere
Rational
Information Management
Tivoli
Mobile
Social Workforce
link-https://www.marketing91.com/business-model/
5, answer-
IBM had suffered in so many problems at the mid of it's journey, there were so many companies compete with their activities but they're unsuccessful major problems that were developing during the 1970s and 1980s. The first major problem, which Cary had recognized as early as 1970, was that the mainframe computer market was starting to mature. Almost every large U.S. business company possessed a mainframe computer, as had most scientific and higher education institutions. IBM also had saturated then international market. As a result, IBM's rate of growth was falling even though its revenues were increasing, they were increasing at a decreasing rate. In the mature mainframe market, competition was increasing from companies that were trying to find ways to attract IBM's customers and share in the huge revenues in the mainframe computer market. Its major competitors at the time were Amdahl, Honeywell, Burroughs, Univac, NCR, and Control Data.Many of these companies began offering IBM's customers mainframe systems at a lower cost than expensive IBM systems. Initialy, IBM faced competition only from companies selling IBM-compatiblep peripheral equipment such as disk drives, storages devices and printers at lower prices than IBM's products,then the nature of competition was changing IBM's decided to competitors began selling cheaper and slowly IBM balance thier market
Cultivable Command Area (CCA): The area which can be irrigated from a scheme and is fit for cultivation. Cultivable area: It consists of net area sown, current fallow, fallow lands, other lands, current fallow, culturable waste and land under miscellaneous tree crops.
Gross command area (GCA): The total area lying between drainage boundaries which can be commanded or irrigated by a canal system. G.C.A = C.C.A + unculturable area
Differential Calculus-1: Review of elementary differential calculus, Polar curves - angle between the radius vector and tangent, angle between two curves, pedal equation. Curvature and radius of curvature- Cartesian and polar forms; Centre and circle of curvature (All without proof-formulae only)
-applications to evolutes and involutes.
Module 2
Differential Calculus-2: Taylors and
Maclaurins series expansions for one
variable (statements only), indeterminate
forms- LHospitals rule. Partial
differentiation; Total derivatives-
differentiation of composite functions.
Maxima and minima for a function of two
variables; Method of Lagrange multipliers
with one subsidiary condition. Applications of maxima and minima with illustrative examples. Jacobians-simple problems.
Module 3
Integral Calculus: Review of elementary
integral calculus.Multiple integrals:
Evaluation of double and triple integrals.
Evaluation of double integrals- change of
order of integration and changing into polar coordinates.
Applications to find area volume and centre of gravityBeta and Gamma functions: Definitions, Relation between beta and gamma functions and simple problems.
Module 4
Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of first order:Exact and reducible to exact
differential equations. BernoullisS
equation.Applications of ODEs-orthogonal
rajectories, Newtons law of cooling and L-R circuits. Nonlinear differential equations:
Introduction to general and singular
solutions, Solvable for p only, Clairauts and
reducible to Clairauts equations only.
Module 5
Linear Algebra: Rank of a matrix-echelon
form. Solution of system of linear equations consistency. Gauss-elimination method, Gauss-Jordan method and Approximate solution by Gauss-Seidel method. Eigen values and eigenvectors-Rayleighs power method. Diagonalization of a square matrix of order two.
2. 2nd SEM ,
1.ADVANCE CALCULUS & DIFFERENTIATn
(M2)
Module 1
Vector Calculus:-Vector Differentiation
Scalar and vector fields. Gradient, directional derivative, curl and divergence-physical
interpretation; solenoidal and irrotational
vector fields- Illustrative problems.Vector
Integration: Line integrals, Theorems of
Green, Gauss and Stokes (without proof).
Applications to work done by a force and
flux.
Module 2
Differential Equations of higher order:
Second order linear ODE's with constant
coefficients-Inverse ditfferential operators,
method of variation of parameters; Cauchy's and Legendre homogeneous equations.Applications to oscillations of a spring and L-C-R circuits.
Module 3
Partial Differential Equations(PDE's):
Formation of PDE's by elimination of arbitrary constants and functions. Solution of non- homogeneous PDE by direct integration.Homogeneous PDEs involving derivative with respect to one independent variable only. Solution of Lagrange's linear PDE. Derivation of one dimensional heat and wave equations and solutions by the method of separation of variables.
Module 4
Infinite Series:- Series of positive terms-
convergence and divergence. Cauchy's root test and D'Alembert's ratio test(without proof)- Illustrative examples
.Power Series solutions:- Series solution of Bessel's
differential equation leading to Jn(x)-
Bessel's function of first kind-orthogonality. Series solution of Legendre's differential equation leading to Pw/xJ-Legendre polynomials. Rodrigue's formula (without proof), problems.
Module 5
Numerical Methods:Finite differences.
Interpolation/extrapolation using Newton's
orward and backward difference formulae,
Newton's divided difference and Lagrange's formulae (All formulae without proof). Solution of polynomial and transcendental equations - Newton-Raphson and Regula- Falsi methods( only formulae)- Illustrative examples.Numerical integration: Simpson's (1/3)ri and (3/8)111 rules, Weddle's rule (without proof) -Problems
3. 3rd SEM ,
*SUBJECTS
i) Engg M-3
ii) SOM
iii) FM
iv) Basic survey
v)BMC
i)
ENGG MATHEMATICS-3
Module-1
Periodic functions, Dirichlet’s condition, Fourier Series of periodic functions with period 2Ο and with arbitrary period 2c. Fourier series of even and odd functions. Half range Fourier Series, practical harmonic analysis-Illustrative examples from engineering field.
Module-2
Fourier Transforms:Infinite Fourier transforms, Fourier sine and cosine transforms. Inverse Fourier transform.
Z-transform:Difference equations, basic definition, z-transform-definition, Standard z-transforms, Damping rule, Shifting rule, Initial value and final value theorems (without proof) and problems, Inverse z-transform. Applications of z-transforms to solve difference equations.
Module-3
Statistical Methods: Review of measures of central tendency and dispersion. Correlation-Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation-problems. Regression analysis- lines of regression (without proof) –problems.
CurveFitting: Curve fitting by the method of least squares- fitting of the curves of the form, y = ax
+ b, y = ax2 + bx + c and y = aebx.
NumericalMethods: Numerical solution of algebraic and transcendental equations by Regula- Falsi Methodand Newton-Raphson method.
Module-4
Finite differences: Forward and backward differences, Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formulae. Divided differences- Newton’s divided difference formula. Lagrange’s interpolation formula and inverse interpolation formula (all formulae without proof)-Problems.
Vector integration: Line integrals-definition and problems, surface and volume integrals-definition, Green’s theorem in a plane, Stokes and Gauss-divergence theorem(without proof) and problems.
Calculus of Variations: Variation of function and Functional, variational problems. Euler’se equation Geodesics, hanging chain, problems.
ii)
Module-1
Simple Stresses and Strain:Introduction, Definition and concept and of stress and strain. Hooke’s law, Stress-Strain diagrams for ferrous and non-ferrous materials, factor of safety, Elongation of tapering bars of circular and rectangular cross sections, Elongation due to self weight. Saint Venant’s principle, Compound bars, Temperature stresses, Compound section subjected to temperature stresses, state of simple shear, Elastic constants and their relationship.
Module-2
Compound Stresses: Introduction, state of stress at a point, General two dimensional stress system, Principal stresses and principal planes. Mohr’s circle of stresses
Thin and Thick Cylinders: Introduction, Thin cylinders subjected to internal pressure; Hoop stresses, Longitudinal stress and change in volume. Thick cylinders subjected to both internal and external pressure; Lame’s equation, radial and hoop stress distribution.
Module-3
Shear Force and Bending Moment in Beams: Introduction to types of beams, supports and loadings. Definition of bending moment and shear force, Sign conventions, relationship between load intensity, bending moment and shear force. Shear force and bending moment diagrams for statically determinate beams subjected to points load, uniformly distributed loads, uniformly varying loads, couple and their combinations.
Module-4
Torsion in Circular Shaft: Introduction, pure torsion, Assumptions, derivation of torsion equation for circular shafts, torsional rigidity and polar modulus Power transmitted by a shaft, combined bending and torsion.
Theories of Failure: Introduction, maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s theory), Maximum shearing stress theory (Tresca’s theory), Strain energy theory (Beltrami and Haigh), and maximum strain theory (St. Venant’s theory).
Module-5
Bending and Shear Stresses in Beams: Introduction, pure bending theory, Assumptions, derivation of bending equation, modulus of rupture, section modulus, flexural rigidity. Expression for transverse shear stress in beams, Bending and shear stress distribution diagrams for circular, rectangular, ‘I’, and ‘T’ sections. Shear centre(only concept)
Columns and Struts: Introduction, short and long columns. Euler’s theory; Assumptions, Derivation for Euler’s Buckling load for different end conditions, Limitations of Euler’s theory. Rankine-Gordon’s formula for columns.
iii)
Module-1
Fluids & Their Properties: Concept of fluid, Systems of units. Properties of fluid; Mass density, Specific weight, Specific gravity, Specific volume, Viscosity, Cohesion, Adhesion, Surface tension& Capillarity. Fluid as a continuum, Newton’s law of viscosity (theory & problems).Capillary rise in a vertical tube and between two plane surfaces (theory & problems). Vapor pressure of liquid, compressibility and bulk modulus, capillarity, surface tension, pressure inside a water droplet, pressure inside a soap bubble and liquid jet. Numerical problems
Fluid Pressure and Its Measurements: Definition of pressure, Pressure at a point, Pascal’s law, Variation of pressure with depth. Types of pressure. Measurement of pressure using simple, differential & inclined manometers (theory & problems). Introduction to Mechanical and electronic pressure measuring devices.
Module-2
Hydrostatic forces on Surfaces: Definition, Total pressure, centre of pressure, total pressure on horizontal, vertical and inclined plane surface, total pressure on curved surfaces, water pressure on gravity dams, Lock gates. Numerical Problems. Fundamentals of fluid flow (Kinematics): Introduction. Methods of describing fluid motion. Velocity and Total acceleration of a fluid particle. Types of fluid flow, Description of flow pattern. Basic principles of fluid flow, three-dimensional continuity equation in Cartesian coordinate system. Derivation for Rotational and irroational motion. Potential function, stream function, orthogonality of streamlines and equipotential lines. Numerical problems on Stream function and velocity potential. Introduction to flow net.
Module-3
Fluid Dynamics: Introduction. Forces acting on fluid in motion. Euler’s equation of motion along a streamline and Bernoulli’s equation. Assumptions and limitations of Bernoulli’s equation. Modified Bernoulli’s equation. Problems on applications of Bernoulli’s equation (with and without losses). Vortex motion; forced vortex, free vortex, problems Momentum equation problems on pipe bends. Applications: Introduction. Venturimeter, Orificemeter, Pitot tube. Numerical Problems
Module-4
Orificeand Mouthpiece: Introduction, classification, flow through orifice, hydraulic coefficients, Numerical problems. Mouthpiece, classification, Borda’s Mouthpiece (No problems).
Notches and Weirs: Introduction. Classification, discharge over rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal notches, Cippoletti notch, broad crested weirs. Numerical problems. Ventilation of weirs, submerged weirs.
MODULE-5
Flow through Pipes: Introduction. Major and minor losses in pipe flow. Darcy- Weisbach equation for head loss due to friction in a pipe. Pipes in series, pipes in parallel, equivalent pipe-problems. Minor losses in pipe flow, equation for head loss due to sudden expansion. Numerical problems. Hydraulic gradient line, energy gradient line. Pipe Networks, Hardy Cross method, Numerical problems.
Surge Analysis in Pipes: Water hammer in pipes, equations for pressure rise due to gradual valve closure and sudden closure for rigid and elastic pipes. Problems
iv
Module-1
Introduction: Definition of surveying, Objectives and importance of surveying. Classification of surveys. Principles of surveying. Units of measurements, Surveying measurements and errors, types of errors, precision and accuracy. Classification of maps, map scale, conventional symbols, topographic maps, map layout, Survey of India Map numbering systems.
Measurement of Horizontal Distances: Measuring tape and types. Measurement using tapes, Taping on level ground and sloping ground. Errors and corrections in tape measurements, ranging of lines, direct and indirect methods of ranging, Electronic distance measurement, basic principle. Booking of tape survey work, Field book, entries, Conventional symbols, Obstacles in tape survey, Numerical problems.M
Module-2
Directions and Angles: Compass survey: Basic definitions; meridians, bearings, magnetic and True bearings. Prismatic and surveyor’s compasses, temporary adjustments, declination. Quadrantal bearings, whole circle bearings, local attraction and related problems
Theodolite Survey and Instrument Adjustment: Theodolite and types, Fundamental axes and parts of Transit theodolite, uses of theodolite, Temporary adjustments of transit theodolite, measurement of horizontal and vertical angles, step by step procedure for obtaining permanent adjustment of Transit theodolite
Module-3
Traversing: Traverse Survey and Computations: Latitudes and departures, rectangular coordinates, Traverse adjustments, Bowditch rule and transit rule, Numerical Problems
Tacheometry: basic principle, types of tacheometry, distance equation for horizontal and inclined line of sight in fixed hair method, problems
Module-4 Leveling10hours
Leveling: Basic terms and definitions, Methods of leveling, Dumpy level, auto level, digital and laser levels. Curvature and refraction corrections. Booking and reduction of levels. Differential leveling, profile leveling, fly leveling, check leveling, reciprocal leveling, trigonometric leveling (heights and distances-single plane and double plane methods.)
Module-5 Areasand Volumes10 hours
Areas and Volumes: Measurement of area – by dividing the area into geometrical figures, area from offsets, mid ordinate rule, trapezoidal and Simpson’s one third rule, area from co-ordinates, introduction to planimeter, digital planimeter. Measurement of volumes- rapezoidal and prismoidal formula.
Contouring: Contours, Methods of contouring, Interpolation of contours, contour gradient, characteristics of contours and uses.
v).
BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION
Module-1
Building Materials: Stone as building material; Requirement of good building stones, Dressing of stones, Deterioration and Preservation of stone work. Bricks; Classification, Manufacturing of clay bricks, Requirement of good bricks. Field and laboratory tests on bricks; compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence, dimension and warpage. Cement Concrete blocks, Stabilized Mud Blocks, Sizes, requirement of good blocks.
Mortar: types and requirements. Timber as construction material Fine aggregate: Natural and manufactured: Sieve analysis, zoning, specify gravity, bulking, moisture content, deleterious materials. Coarse aggregate: Natural and manufactured: Importance of size, shape and texture. Grading of aggregates, Sieve analysis, specific gravity, Flakiness and elongation index, crushing, impact and abrasion tests.
Module-2
Foundation: Preliminary investigation of soil, safe bearing capacity of soil, Function and requirements of good foundation , types of foundation , introduction to spread, combined , strap, mat and pile foundation.
Masonry: Definition and terms used in masonry. Brick masonry, characteristics and requirements of good brick masonry, Bonds in brick work, Header, Stretcher, English, Flemish bond, Stone masonry, Requirements of good stone masonry, Classification, characteristics of different stone masonry, Joints in stone masonry. Types of walls; load bearing, partition walls, cavity walls
Module-3
Lintels and Arches: Definition, function and classification of lintels, Balconies, chejja and canopy. Arches; Elements and Stability of an Arch.
Floors and roofs: Floors; Requirement of good floor, Components of ground floor, Selection of flooring material, Laying of Concrete, Mosaic, Marble, Granite, Tile flooring, Cladding of tiles. Roof;-Requirement of good roof, Types of roof, Elements of a pitched roof, Trussed roof, King post Truss, Queen Post Truss, Steel Truss, Different roofing materials, R.C.C. Roof.
Module-4
Doors, Windows and Ventilators: Location of doors and windows, technical terms, Materials for doors and windows, Paneled door, Flush door, Collapsible door, Rolling shutter, PVC Door, Paneled and glazed Window, Bay Window, French window. Ventilators. Sizes as per IS recommendations
Stairs: Definitions, technical terms and types of stairs, Requirements of good stairs. Geometrical design of RCC doglegged and open-well stairs.
Formwork: Introduction to form work, scaffolding, shoring, under pinning.
Module-5
Plastering and Pointing : purpose, materials and methods of plastering and pointing, defects in plastering-Stucco plastering, lathe plastering
Damp proofing- causes, effects and methods.
Paints- Purpose, types, ingredients and defects, Preparation and applications of paints to new and old plastered surfaces, wooden and steel surfaces.
4. 4th SEM ,
* SUBJECTS
i)ENGG MATHEMATICS-4
ii) ADS
III)HM
IV) GEOTECHNICAL ENGG (Soil mechanic)
I)
Module-1Numerical Methods10 hours
Numerical Methods: Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree, Taylor’s series method, modified Euler’s method, Runge - Kutta method of fourth order.Milne’s and Adams-Bashforth predictor and corrector methods (No derivations of formulae).
Module-2Numerical Methods & Special Functions10 hours
Numerical Methods: Numerical solution of second order ordinary differential equations, Runge-Kutta method and Milne’s method
.Special Functions: Series solution-Frobenious method. Series solution of Bessel’s differential equation leading to Jn(x)-Bessel’s function of first kind. Basic properties and orthogonality. Series solution of Legendre’s differential equation leading to Pn(x)-Legendre polynomials. Rodrigue’sformula, problems
Module-3Complex Variables10 hours
Complex Variables: Review of a function of a complex variable, limits, continuity, differentiability. Analytic functions-Cauchy-Riemann equations in cartesian and polar forms. Properties and construction of analytic functions. Complex line integrals-Cauchy’s theorem and Cauchy’s integral formula, Residue, poles, Cauchy’s Residue theorem ( without proof) and problems.Transformations: Conformal transformations, discussion of transformations: w=z2, w=e2, w=z+(1/z)(z≠0) and bilinear transformations-problems
Module-4Probability Distributions10 hours
Probability Distributions: Random variables (discrete and continuous), probability mass/density functions. Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution. Exponential and normal distributions, problems.Joint probability distribution: Joint Probability distribution for two discrete random variables, expectation, covariance, correlation coefficient.
Module-5Sampling Theory10 hours
Sampling Theory: Sampling, Sampling distributions, standard error, test of hypothesis for means and proportions, confidence limits for means, student’s t-distribution, Chi-square distribution as a test of goodness of fit.Stochastic process:Stochastic processes, probability vector, stochastic matrices, fixed points, regular stochastic matrices, Markov chains, higher transition probability simple problems.
iI)
Module-1
Trusses:Structural forms, Conditions of equilibrium, Compatibility conditions, Degree of freedom, Linear and non linear analysis, Static and kinematic indeterminacies of structural systems, Types of trusses, Assumptions in analysis, Analysis of determinate trusses by method of joints and method of sections.
MODULE-2
Deflection of Beams:Definition of slope, Deflection and curvature, Sign conventions, Derivation of moment-curvature equation. Double integration method and Macaulay’s method: Slope and deflection for standard loading cases and for determinate prismatic beams subjected to point loads, UDL, UVL and couple.
Moment area method: Derivation, Mohr’s theorems, Sign conventions, Application of moment area method for determinate prismatic beams, Beams of varying section, Use of moment diagram by parts.
Conjugate beam method: Real beam and conjugate beam, conjugate beam theorems, Application of conjugate beam method of determinate beams of variable cross sections.
MODULE-3
Energy Principles and Energy Theorems:Principle of virtual displacements, Principle of virtual forces, Strain energy and complimentary energy, Strain energy due to axial force, bending, shear and torsion, Deflection of determinate beams and trusses using total strain energy, Deflection at the point of application of single load, Castigliano’s theorems and its application to estimate the deflections of trusses, bent frames, Special applications-Dummy unit load method.
MODULE-4
Arches and Cable Structures:Three hinged parabolic arches with supports at the same and different levels. Determination of normal thrust, radial shear and bending moment. Analysis of cables under point loads and UDL. Length of cables for supports at same and at different levels- Stiffening trusses for suspension cables.
MODULE-5
Influence Lines and Moving Loads:Concepts of influence lines-ILD for reactions, SF and BM for determinate beams-ILD for axial forces in determinate trusses-Reactions, BM and SF in determinate beams using rolling loads concepts.
III)
MODULE-1
Dimensional analysis:Dimensional analysis and similitude: Dimensional homogeneity, Non Dimensional parameter, Rayleigh methods and Buckingham Γ° theorem, dimensional analysis, choice of variables, examples on various applications.
Model analysis:Model analysis, similitude, types of similarities, force ratios, similarity laws, model classification, Reynolds model, Froude’s model, Euler’s Model, Webber’s model, Mach model, scale effects, Distorted models. Numerical problems on Reynold’s, and Froude’s Model
Buoyancy and Flotation:Buoyancy, Force and Centre of Buoyancy, Metacentre and Metacentric height, Stability of submerged and floating bodies, Determination of Metacentric height, Experimental and theoretical method, Numerical problems.
Module-2
Open Channel Flow Hydraulics:Uniform Flow: Introduction, Classification of flow through channels, Chezy’s and Manning’s equation for flow through open channel, Most economical channel sections, Uniform flow through Open channels, Numerical Problems. Specific Energy and Specific energy curve, Critical flow and corresponding critical parameters, Metering flumes, Numerical Problems.
MODULE-3
Non-Uniform Flow:Hydraulic Jump, Expressions for conjugate depths and Energy loss, Numerical Problems Gradually varied flow, Equation, Back water curve and afflux, Description of water curves or profiles, Mild, steep, critical, horizontal and adverse slope profiles, Numerical problems, Control sections.
MODULE-4
Hydraulic Machines:Introduction, Impulse-Momentum equation. Direct impact of ajet on a stationary and moving curved vanes, Introduction to concept of velocity triangles, impact of jet on a series of curved vanes- Problems
Turbines – Impulse Turbines:Introduction to turbines, General lay out of a hydroelectric plant, Heads and Efficiencies, classification of turbines. Pelton wheelcomponents, working principle and velocity triangles. Maximum power, efficiency, working proportions – Numerical problems
MODULE-5
Reaction Turbines and Pumps:Radial flow reaction turbines: (i) Francis turbine Descriptions, working proportions and design, Numerical problems. (ii) Kaplan turbine- Descriptions, working proportions and design, Numerical problems. Draft tube theory and unit quantities. (No problems)
Centrifugal pumps: Components and Working of centrifugal pumps, Types of centrifugal pumps, Work done by the impeller, Heads and Efficiencies, Minimum starting speed of centrifugal pump, Numerical problems, Multi-stage pumps.
iv)
SOIL MECHANICS
MODULE-1
Introduction:Introduction, origin and formation of soil, Phase Diagram, phase relationships, definitions and their inter relationships. Determination of Index properties-Specific gravity, water content, in-situ density and particle size analysis (sieve and sedimentation analysis) Atterberg’s Limits, consistency indices, relative density, activity of clay, Plasticity chart, unified and BIS soil classification.
MODULE-2
Soil Structure and Clay Mineralogy:Single grained, honey combed, flocculent and dispersed structures, Valence bonds, Soil-Water system, Electrical diffuse double layer, adsorbed water, base-exchange capacity, Isomorphous substitution. Common clay minerals in soil and their structures- Kaolinite, Illite and ontmorillonite and their application in Engineering
Compaction of Soils:Definition, Principle of compaction, Standard and Modified proctor’s compaction tests, factors affecting compaction, effect of compaction on soil properties, Field compaction control - compactive effort & method of compaction, lift thickness and number of passes, Proctor’s needle, Compacting equipments and their suitability.
MODULE-3
Flow through Soils:Darcy’s law- assumption and validity, coefficient of permeability and its determination (laboratory and field), factors affecting permeability, permeability of stratified soils, Seepage velocity, superficial velocity and coefficient of percolation, Capillary Phenomena
Seepage Analysis:Laplace equation, assumptions, limitations and its derivation. Flow nets- characteristics and applications. Flow nets for sheet piles a nd below the dam section. Unconfined flow, phreatic line (Casagrande’s method –with and without toe filter), flow through dams, design of dam filters.
Effective Stress Analysis:Geostatic stresses, Effective stress concept-total stress, effective stress and Neutral stress and impact of the effective stress in construction of structures, quick sand phenomena
MODULE-4
Consolidation of Soil:Definition, Mass-spring analogy, Terzaghi’s one dimensional consolidation theory - assumption and limitations. Derivation of Governing differential Equation Preconsolidation pressure and its determination by Casagrande’s method. Over consolidation ratio, normally consolidated, under consolidated and over consolidated soils. Consolidation characteristics of soil (Cc, av, mv and Cv. Laboratory one dimensional consolidation test, characteristics of e-log(Ο) curve, Determination of consolidation characteristics of soils compression index and coefficient of consolidation (square root of time fitting method, logarithmic time fitting method). Primary and secondary consolidation.
MODULE-5
Shear Strength of Soil:Concept of shear strength, Mohr–Coulomb Failure Criterion, Modified Mohr–Coulomb Criterion Concept of pore pressure, Total and effective shear strength parameters, factors affecting shear strength of soils. Thixotrophy and sensitivity, Measurement of shear strength parameters - Direct shear test, unconfined compression test, triaxial compression test and field Vane shear test, Test under different drainage conditions. Total and effective stress paths.
5. 5th SEM ,
*SUBJECTS
I) Rcc structure
II)AIS
III)RHT&A
IV)air pollution control
V) geotechnical engg ( foundation engg)
I)
MODULE-1
Introduction to Limit State Design and Serviceability:Introduction to working stress method, Difference between Working stress and Limit State Method of design, Modular Ratio and Factor of Safety.
Philosophy and principle of limit state design with assumptions. Partial Safety factors, Characteristic load and strength. Stress block parameters, concept of balanced section, under reinforced and over reinforced section.
Limiting deflection, short term deflection, long term deflection, Calculation of deflection of singly reinforced beam only. Cracking in reinforced concrete members, calculation of crack width of singly reinforced beam. Side face reinforcement, slender limits of beams for stability.
MODULE-2
Limit State Analysis of Beams:Analysis of singly reinforced, doubly reinforced and flanged beams for flexure and shear
MODULE-3
Limit State Design of Beams:Design of singly and doubly reinforced beams, Design of flanged beams for shear, design for combined bending and torsion as per IS-456
MODULE-4
Limit State Design of Slabs and Stairs:Introduction to one way and two way slabs, Design of cantilever, simply supported and one way continuous slab. Design of two way slabs for different boundary conditions. Design of dog legged and open well staircases. Importance of bond, anchorage length and lap length.
MODULE-5
Limit State Deign of Columns and Footings:Analysis and design of short axially loaded RC column. Design of columns with uniaxial and biaxial moments, Design concepts of the footings. Design of Rectangular and square column footings with axial load and also for axial load & moment
II)
MODULE-1
Slope Deflection Method:Introduction, sign convention, development of slope deflection equation, analysis of continuous beams including settlements, Analysis of orthogonal rigid plane frames including sway frames with kinematic indeterminacy≤3
MODULE-2
Moment Distribution Method:Introduction, Definition of terms, Development of method, Analysis of continuous beams with support yielding, Analysis of 08 Hours orthogonal rigid plane frames including sway frames with kinematic indeterminacy ≤3
MODULE-3
Kani’s Method:Introduction, Concept, Relationships between bending moment and deformations, Analysis of continuous beams with and without settlements, Analysis of frames with and without sway
MODULE-4
Matrix Method of Analysis
( Flexibility Method):Introduction, Axes and coordinates, Flexibility matrix, Analysis of continuous beams and plane trusses using system approach, Analysis of simple orthogonal rigid frames using system approach with static indeterminacy ≤3
MODULE-5
Matrix Method of Analysis
(Stiffness Method):Introduction, Stiffness matrix, Analysis of continuous beams and plane trusses using system approach, Analysis of simple orthogonal rigid frames using system approach with kinematic indeterminacy ≤3
III)
MODULE-1
Railway Planning:Significance of Road, Rail, Air and Water transports – Coordination of all modes to achieve sustainability – Elements of permanent way – Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, rail fixtures and fastenings, – Track Stress, coning of wheels, creep in rails, defects in rails – Route alignment surveys, conventional and modern methods- – Soil suitability analysis – Geometric design of railways, gradient, super elevation, widening of gauge on curves- Points and Crossings
MODULE-2
Railway Construction and Maintenance:Earthwork – Stabilization of track on poor soil, Calculation of Materials required for track laying – Construction and maintenance of tracks – Modern methods of construct ion & maintenance – Railway stations and yards and passenger amenities- Urban rail – Infrastructure for Metro, Mono and underground railways.
MODULE-3
Harbour and Tunnel Engineering:Definition of Basic Terms: Planning and Design of Harbours: Requirements, Classification, Location and Design Principles – Harbour Layout and Terminal Facilities , Coastal Structures, Inland Water Transport – Wave action on Coastal Structures and Coastal Protection Works.
Tunneling: Introduction, size and shape of the tunnel, tunneling methods in soils, tunnel lining, tunnel drainage and ventilation.
MODULE-4
Airport Planning:Air transport characteristics, airport classification, air port planning: objectives, components, layout characteristics, and socioeconomic characteristics of the catchment area, criteria for airport site selection and ICAO stipulations, typical airport layouts, Parking and circulation area.
MODULE-5
Airport Design:Runway Design: Orientation, Wind Rose Diagram, Runway length, Problems on basic and Actual Length, Geometric design of runways, Configuration and Pavement Design Principles, Elements of Taxiway Design, Airport Zones, Passenger Facilities and Services, Runway and Taxiway Markings and lighting.
IV)
air pollution and control (5sem)
MODULE-1
Introduction:Definition, Sources, classification and characterization of air pollutants. Effects of air pollution on health, vegetation & materials. Types of inversion, photochemical smog.
MODULE-2
Meteorology:Temperature lapse rate & stability, wind velocity & turbulence, plume behavior, measurement of meteorological variables, wind rose diagrams, Plume Rise, estimation of effective stack height and mixing depths. Development of air quality models-Gaussian dispersion model
MODULE-3
Sampling:Sampling of particulate and gaseous pollutants (Stack, Ambient & indoor air pollution), Monitoring and analysis of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SOX, NOX, CO, NH3)
MODULE-4
Control Techniques:Particulate matter and gaseous pollutants- settling chambers, cyclone separators, scrubbers, filters & ESP.
MODULE-5
Air pollution due to automobiles, standards and control methods. Noise pollution causes, effects and control, noise standards. Environmental issues, global episodes, laws, acts, protocols.
V)
MODULE-1
Soil Exploration:Introduction, Objectives and Importance, Stages and Methods of exploration- Test pits, Borings, Geophysical methods, stabilization of boreholes, Sampling techniques, Undisturbed, disturbed and representative samples, Geophysical exploration and Bore hole log. Drainage and Dewatering methods, estimation of depth of GWT (Hvorslev’s method).
MODULE-2
Stress in Soils:Introduction, Boussinesq’s and Westergaard’s theory concentrated load, circular and rectangular load, equivalent point load method, pressure distribution diagrams and contact pressure, Newmark’s chart Foundation Settlement - Approximate method for stress distribution on a horizontal plane, Types of settlements and importance, Computation of immediate and consolidation settlement
MODULE-3
Lateral Earth Pressure:Active, Passive and earth pressure at rest, Rankine’s theory for cohesionless and cohesive soils, Coulomb’s theory, Rebhann’s and Culmann’s graphical construction.
Stability of Slopes :Assumptions, infinite and finite slopes, factor of safety, use of Taylor’s stability charts, Swedish slip circle method for C and C-ΓΈ (Method of slices) soils, Fellineous method for critical slip circle
MODULE-4
Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation:Types of foundations, 10 Hours determination of bearing capacity by Terzaghi’s and BIS method (IS: 6403), Effect of water table and eccentricity, field methods - plate load test and SPT Proportioning of shallow foundations- isolated and combined footings (only two columns)
MODULE-5
Pile Foundations:Types and classification of piles, single loaded pile capacity in cohesionless and cohesive soils by static formula, efficiency of file group, group capacity of piles in cohesionless and cohesive soils, negative skin friction, pile load tests, Settlement of piles, under reamed piles (only introductory concepts – no derivation)
6. 6th SEM,
*SUBJECTS
I) DSSE
II)HWE
III)
IV)
I)
MODULE-1
Introduction:Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel Structures, Limit state method Limit State of Strength, Structural Stability, Serviceability Limit states, Failure Criteria of steel, Design Consideration, Loading and load combinations, IS code provisions, Specification and Section classification.
Plastic Behaviour of Structural Steel:Introduction, Plastic theory, Plastic Hinge Concept, Plastic collapse load, load factor, Shape factor, Theorem of plastic collapse, Methods of Plastic analysis, Plastic analysis of Continuous Beams.
MODULE-2
Bolted Connections:Introduction, Types of Bolts, Behaviour of bolted joints, Design of High Strength friction Grip(HSFG) bolts, Design of Simple bolted Connections (Lap and Butt joints)
Welded Connections:Introduction, Types and properties of welds, Effective areas of welds, Weld Defects, Simple welded joints for truss member, Advantages and Disadvantages of Bolted and Welded Connections.
MODULE-3
Design of Compression Members:Introduction, Failure modes, Behaviour of compression members, Sections used for compression members, Effective length of compression members, Design of compression members and built up Compression members, Design of Laced and Battened Systems.
MODULE-4
Design of Tension Members:Introduction, Types of Tension members, Slenderness ratio, Modes of Failure, Factors affecting the strength of tension members, Design of Tension members and Lug angles, Splices, Gussets.
Design of Column Bases:Design of Simple Slab Base and Gusseted Base.
MODULE-5
Design of Beams:Introduction, Beam types, Lateral Stability of beams, factors affecting lateral stability, Behaviour of Beams in Bending, Design strength of laterally supported beams in Bending, Design of Laterally unsupported Beams [No Numerical Problems], Shear Strength of Steel Beams. Beam to Beam Connections, Beam to Column Connection and Column Splices [No Numerical Problems]
II)
MODULE-1
Principles of Transportation Engineering:Importance of transportation, Different modes of transportation and comparison, Characteristics of road transport Jayakar committee recommendations, and implementation – Central Road Fund, Indian Roads Congress, Central Road Research Institute
Highway Development and Planning:Road types and classification, road patterns, planning surveys, master plan – saturation system of road planning, phasing road development in India, problems on best alignment among alternate proposals Salient Features of 3rd and 4thtwenty year road development plans and Policies, Present scenario of road development in India (NHDP & PMGSY) and in Karnataka (KSHIP & KRDCL) Road development plan - vision 2021.
MODULE-2
Highway Alignment and Surveys:Ideal Alignment, Factors affecting the alignment, Engineering surveys-Map study, Reconnaissance, Preliminary and Final location & detailed survey, Reports and drawings for new and re-aligned projects
Highway Geometric Design:Cross sectional elements–width, surface, camber, Sight distances–SSD, OSD, ISD, HSD, Design of horizontal and vertical alignment–curves, super-elevation, widening, gradients, summit and valley curves
MODULE-3
Pavement Materials:Subgrade soil - desirable properties-HRB soil classificationdetermination of CBR and modulus of subgrade reaction with Problems Aggregates- Desirable properties and tests, Bituminous materials-Explanation on Tar, bitumen, cutback and emulsion-tests on bituminous material
Pavement Design:Pavement types, component parts of flexible and rigid pavements and their functions, ESWL and its determination (Graphical method only)-Examples
MODULE-4
Pavement Construction:Design of soil aggregate mixes by Rothfuch’s method. Uses and properties of bituminous mixes and cement concrete in pavement construction. Earthwork; cutting and Filling, Preparation of subgrade, Specification and construction of i) Granular Sub base, ii) WBM Base, iii) WMM base, iv) Bituminous Macadam, v) Dense Bituminous Macadam vi) Bituminous Concrete, vii) Dry Lean Concrete sub base and PQC viii) concrete roads
MODULE-5
Highway Drainage:Significance and requirements, Surface drainage system and design-Examples, sub surface drainage system, design of filter materials, Types of cross drainage structures, their choice and location
Highway Economics:Highway user benefits, VOC using charts only-Examples, Economic analysis - annual cost method-Benefit Cost Ratio method-NPV-IRR methods- Examples, Highway financing-BOT-BOOT concepts
7. 7th SEM,
I) MUNICIPAL & INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER
II) HYDROLOGY & IRRIGATION ENGG
III) DSS & RCC
I)
Module-1
Introduction10 hours
Introduction, need for sanitation, methods of sewage disposal, types of sewerage systems, dry weather flow, wet weather flow, factors effecting dry and wet weather flow on design of sewerage system, estimation of storm flow, time of concentration flow, material of sewers, shape of sewers, laying and testing of sewers, ventilation of sewers. low-cost waste treatment; oxidation pond, septic tank, Sewer appurtenances, manholes, catch basins, basic principles of house drainage, typical layout plan showing house drainage connections,
Module-2Design of sewers10 hours
Design of sewers, hydraulic formula for velocity, effects of variation on velocity, regime velocity, design of hydraulic elements for circular sewers for full flow and partial flow conditions, disposal of effluents by dilution, self purification phenomenon, oxygen sag curve, zones of purification, sewage farming, sewage sickness, numerical problems on disposal of effluents, Streeter-Phelps equation
Module-3Waste water characteristics10 hours
Waste water characteristics, sampling, significance and techniques, physical, chemical and biological characteristics, flow diagram for municipal waste water treatment, unit operations; screens, grit chambers, skimming tanks, equalization tanks
Suspended growth and fixed film bio process, design of trickling filters, activated sludge process, sequential batch reactors, moving bed bio reactors, sludge digesters
Module-4Difference between domestic and industrial waste water10 hours
Difference between domestic and industrial waste water, effect of effluent discharge on streams, methods of industrial waste water treatment; volume reduction, strength reduction, neutralization, equalisation and proportioning. Removal of organic, inorganic and colloidal solids, combined treatment methods; merits, demerits and feasibility, principles of discharge of raw, partially treated and completely treated wastes in to streams
Module-5Process flow chart Process flow chart, sources and characteristics of industrial waste water, treatment methods, reuse and recovery and disposal; cotton and textile industry, tanning industry, cane sugar and distilleries, dairy industry, steel and cement industry, paper and pulp industry, pharmaceutical and food processing industry.
II)
MODULE-1
Hydrology: Introduction, Importance of hydrology, Global and Indian water availability, Practical application of hydrology, Hydrologic cycle (Horton’s) qualitative and engineering representation.
Precipitation: Definition, Forms and types of precipitation, measurement of rain fall using Symon’s and Syphon type of rain gauges, optimum number of rain gauge stations, consistency of rainfall data (double mass curve method), computation of mean rainfall, estimation of missing data, presentation of precipitation data, moving average curve, mass curve, rainfall hyetographs.
Infiltration:Introduction, factors affecting infiltration capacity, measurement by double ring infiltrometer, Horton’s infiltration equation, infiltration indices.
MODULE-3
Module-3Runoff10 hours
Runoff:Definition, concept of catchment, factors affecting runoff, rainfall – runoff relationship using regression analysis.
Hydrographs:Definition, components of hydrograph, base flow separation, unit hydrograph, assumption, application and limitations, derivation from simple storm hydrographs, S curve and its computations, Conversion of UH of different durations
Module-4Irrigation10 hours
Irrigation:Definition. Benefits and ill effects of irrigation. System of irrigation: surface and ground water, flow irrigation, lift irrigation, Bandhara irrigation.
Water Requirements of Crops:Duty, delta and base period, relationship between them, factors affecting duty of water crops and crop seasons in India, irrigation efficiency, frequency of irrigation.
Module-5Canals10 hours
Canals:Types of canals. Alignment of canals. Definition of gross command area, cultural command area, intensity of irrigation, time factor, crop factor. Unlined and lined canals. Standard sections. Design of canals by Lacey's and Kennedy's method.
Reservoirs:Definition, investigation for reservoir site, storage zones determination of storage capacity using mass curves, economical height of dam.
III)
Module-1Footings25 hours
Footings: Design of rectangular slab type combined footing.
Retaining Walls: Design of cantilever Retaining wall and counter fort retaining wall.
Water Tanks: Design of circular water tanks resting on ground (Rigid and Flexible base). Design of rectangular water tanks resting on ground. As per IS: 3370 (Part IV) Design of portal frames with fixed and hinged based supports.
Module-2Roof Truss25 hours
Roof Truss: Design of roof truss for different cases of loading, forces in members to given.
Plate Girder: Design of welded plate girder with intermediate stiffener, bearing stiffener and necessary checks
Gantry Girder: Design of gantry girder with all necessary checks.
